Jan Czekanowski e a instrumentalização da estatística matemática na Escola de Antropologia de Lwów (Polônia) durante a primeira metade do século XX
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Resumo
Jan Czekanowski [1882-1965] foi um prolífico antropólogo, estatístico e linguista polonês, que dirigiu a Escola de Antropologia de Lwów. Interessado em classificação raciológica, ele desenvolveu um procedimento estatístico e gráfico, que agora é conhecido como “diagrama de Czekanowski”. Da perspectiva estatística atual, esse procedimento é classificado como um cluster analysis. Entretanto, seu estudo não deve ser reduzido a um entendimento puramente matemático, pois revela uma das principais maneiras pelas quais a antropologia era entendida e praticada durante a primeira metade do século XX. A pesquisa sobre “raças europeias” era comum entre as múltiplas antropologias raciológicas que tentavam, entre outras coisas, construir as identidades nacionais de seus respectivos países. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar a instrumentalização da estatística matemática no projeto de pesquisa antropológica de Jan Czekanowski. Conclui-se que o diagrama de Czekanowski é um exemplo interessante que ilustra como os contextos sociopolíticos têm um impacto sobre as ferramentas analíticas usadas nas ciências, no entendimento de que essas ferramentas estão frequentemente intimamente ligadas a contextos históricos que precedem ou até mesmo sustentam e possibilitam questões “estritamente” metodológicas.
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